If you have purchased a print title that contains an access token, please see the token for information about how to register your code. [289], Estimates of the recognised Greek Muslim minority, which is mostly located in Thrace, range around 100,000,[287][290] (about 1% of the population). There were 856,723 arrivals by sea in Greece, an almost fivefold increase to the same period of 2014, of which the Syrians represent almost 45%. [297] The Jehovah's Witnesses report having 28,874 active members.[298]. The Greece men's national water polo team became the third best water polo team in the world in 2005, after their win against Croatia in the bronze medal game at the 2005 World Aquatics Championships in Canada. Greece rejoined NATO in 1980. We allow 4 days from the date of purchase to receive payment. The agate you see in the pictures is the agate you will be shipped. [328] Icaria is subsequently classified as a "blue zone", a region where people allegedly live longer than average and have lower rates of cancer, heart disease, or other chronic illnesses. Centralism remains to be perceived as necessary in order to sustain national unity and distributive capacities of the state in a country that has had to cope with political instability, regional divergence, and weak economic development. The 25 March 1941 finds Greece in the peak of their heroic struggle and in the top of their glory. He suggests that in an increasingly complex world, the fragmented state of knowledge can be seen as one of the most pressing social problems of our time. [148] Another notable formation are the Meteora rock pillars, atop which have been built medieval Greek Orthodox monasteries. [64] In Athens and rural areas, paganism is attested well into the sixth century AD[64] and even later. Additionally, students over twenty-two years old may be admitted to the Hellenic Open University through a form of lottery. The Greek Orthodox Church, which emerged in the first century AD, helped shape modern Greek identity and transmitted Greek traditions to the wider Orthodox world. The Greek economy had fared well for much of the 20th century, with high growth rates and low public debt[203]). [73][74] This process was facilitated by a large influx of Greeks from Sicily and Asia Minor to the Greek peninsula, while at the same time many Slavs were captured and re-settled in Asia Minor and the few that remained were assimilated. The United States has expressed consistent strong support for Greece’s ongoing effort to restore fiscal stability, implement structural reforms, recover competitiveness, and restart growth. Throughout the 20th century, millions of Greeks migrated to the United States, United Kingdom, Australia, Canada, and Germany, creating a large Greek diaspora. In the September 2015 general election, Alexis Tsipras led SYRIZA to another victory, winning 145 out of 300 seats and re-forming the coalition with the Independent Greeks. [264] There are 18 UNESCO World Heritage Sites in Greece,[265] and Greece is ranked 16th in the world in terms of total sites. Kasimis, Charalambos; Kassimi, Chryssa (June 2004). [326] The country's obesity rate is 18.1%, which is above the OECD average of 15.1%, but considerably lower than the American rate of 27.7%. [321], Greece has universal health care. Fragmented means that there are territories that are separated from the main land due to either more land or bodies of water. Democracy, colonialism, military strategy, and much more – all can be traced back to origins in early Greek history. Amidst general dissatisfaction with the seeming inertia and unattainability of national aspirations under the premiership of the cautious reformist Theotokis, a group of military officers organised a coup in August 1909 and shortly thereafter called to Athens Cretan politician Eleftherios Venizelos, who conveyed a vision of national regeneration. The ancient community of Greek Jews are called Romaniotes, while the Sephardi Jews were once a prominent community in the city of Thessaloniki, numbering some 80,000, or more than half of the population, by 1900. [254] In recent years, Greece has also become a leader in the construction and maintenance of luxury yachts.[255]. Centralism remains to be perceived as necessary in order to sustain national unity … In 2010, Greece was the European Union's largest producer of cotton (183,800 tons) and pistachios (8,000 tons)[240] and ranked second in the production of rice (229,500 tons)[240] and olives (147,500 tons),[241] third in the production of figs (11,000 tons),[241] almonds (44,000 tons),[241] tomatoes (1,400,000 tons),[241] and watermelons (578,400 tons)[241] and fourth in the production of tobacco (22,000 tons). Adding to these is the clientelistic political culture of Greece. This page was last edited on 20 February 2021, at 23:01. [277], Greek society has changed rapidly over the last several decades, coinciding with the wider European trend of declining fertility and rapid aging. These states and their colonies reached great levels of prosperity that resulted in an unprecedented cultural boom, that of classical Greece, expressed in architecture, drama, science, mathematics and philosophy. Citizens Solidarity Initiatives in Greece During the Financial Crisis. The domestic top basketball league, A1 Ethniki, is composed of fourteen teams. It is estimated that after the population exchanges of 1923, Macedonia had 200,000 to 400,000 Slavic speakers. Its economy is the largest in the Balkans, where it is an important regional investor. Much of the figural or architectural sculpture of ancient Greece was painted colourfully. [242] Almost half (48%) of DEI's power output is generated using lignite, a drop from the 51.6% in 2009. These merchants came to dominate trade within the Ottoman Empire, establishing communities throughout the Mediterranean, the Balkans, and Western Europe. [290] Protestants, including the Greek Evangelical Church and Free Evangelical Churches, stand at about 30,000. Electricity production in Greece is dominated by the state-owned Public Power Corporation (known mostly by its acronym ΔΕΗ, transliterated as DEI). [203][229] This had a critical effect: the Debt-to-GDP ratio, the key factor defining the severity of the crisis, would jump from its 2009 level of 127% to about 170%, solely due to the shrinking economy. Soon tensions appeared between him and local interests. In addition, the total Albanian national population which includes temporary migrants and undocumented persons is around 600,000. The Roman Emperor Nero visited Greece in AD 66, and performed at the Ancient Olympic Games, despite the rules against non-Greek participation. Greek basketball teams are the most successful in European basketball the last 25 years, having won 9 Euroleagues since the establishment of the modern era Euroleague Final Four format in 1988, while no other nation has won more than 4 Euroleague championships in this period. Tensions soon developed among different Greek factions, leading to two consecutive civil wars. Long ago it fragmented into separate churches Europe was originally pagan Pre from GEOG 102 at University of Wisconsin, Superior Greece is one in a constellation of ancient cultures that formed the foundations of Western civilization. 2p. Discrimination against Christians, particularly when combined with harsh treatment by local Ottoman authorities, led to conversions to Islam, if only superficially. The former prime minister Konstantinos Karamanlis was invited back from Paris where he had lived in self-exile since 1963, marking the beginning of the Metapolitefsi era. [322] In a 2013 Save the Children report, Greece was ranked the 19th out of 176 countries for the state of mothers and newborn babies. [245] In line with the European Commission's Directive on Renewable Energy, Greece aims to get 18% of its energy from renewable sources by 2020. The most salient feature of this new aesthetic was its "abstract", or anti-naturalistic character. [44] Attempts by some of the Greek city-states of Asia Minor to overthrow Persian rule failed, and Persia invaded the states of mainland Greece in 492 BC, but was forced to withdraw after a defeat at the Battle of Marathon in 490 BC. [331][29] Modern democracies owe a debt to Greek beliefs in government by the people, trial by jury, and equality under the law. Notable festivals, beyond the religious fests, include Patras Carnival, Athens Festival and various local wine festivals. The Pindus range continues through the central Peloponnese, crosses the islands of Kythera and Antikythera and finds its way into southwestern Aegean, in the island of Crete where it eventually ends. Olympiacos is the most successful volleyball club in the country having won the most domestic titles and being the only Greek club to have won European titles; they have won two CEV Cups, they have been CEV Champions League runners-up twice and they have played in 12 Final Fours in the European competitions, making them one of the most traditional volleyball clubs in Europe. 186-204. Western Greece contains a number of lakes and wetlands and is dominated by the Pindus mountain range. Greece also accepted the imposition of an International Financial Control authority to pay off the country's debtors. Regarding the classical music, it was through the Ionian islands (which were under western rule and influence) that all the major advances of the western European classical music were introduced to mainland Greeks. A modern intercity rail connection between Athens and Thessaloniki has also been established, while an upgrade to double lines in many parts of the 2,500 km (1,600 mi) network is underway; along with a new double track, standard gauge railway between Athens and Patras (replacing the old metre-gauge Piraeus–Patras railway) which is currently under construction and opening in stages. For those who have read the fragmented remains of the Greek poet, Sappho the loss of most of her poetic corpus is something to regret. The first European institution described as a university was founded in fifth-century Constantinople and continued operating in various incarnations until the city's fall to the Ottomans in 1453. A democratic and republican constitution was promulgated on 11 June 1975 following a referendum which chose to not restore the monarchy. The most devastating intra-Greek war was the Peloponnesian War (431–404 BC), won by Sparta and marking the demise of the Athenian Empire as the leading power in ancient Greece. Situated on the southern tip of the Balkans, Greece is located at the crossroads of Europe, Asia, and Africa. [129][130] The Greek Resistance, one of the most effective resistance movements in Europe, fought vehemently against the Nazis and their collaborators. [213][214][215][216][217][218] These conditions had enabled Greece as well as other European governments to spend beyond their means, while meeting the deficit targets set out in the Maastricht Treaty.[218][213][219]. Greece's largest and most influential metropolitan centres are those of Athens and Thessaloniki—that latter commonly referred to as the symprotévousa (συμπρωτεύουσα, lit. The 1950s and early 1960s are considered by many to be a "golden age" of Greek cinema. [73] During that time, the Greek Orthodox Church was also instrumental in the spread of Greek ideas to the wider Orthodox world. Access to the complete content on Oxford Handbooks Online requires a subscription or purchase. The numerous gods of the ancient Greek religion as well as the mythical heroes and events of the ancient Greek epics (The Odyssey and The Iliad) and other pieces of art and literature from the time make up what is nowadays colloquially referred to as Greek mythology. With its capital in Constantinople, its language and culture were Greek and its religion was predominantly Eastern Orthodox Christian. In 2015, on average, there were around 1.5 fragmented landscape elements per km 2 in the European Union [1] , a 3.7 % increase compared with 2009. The culture of Greece has evolved over thousands of years, beginning in Mycenaean Greece and continuing most notably into Classical Greece, through the influence of the Roman Empire and its Greek Eastern continuation, the Eastern Roman or Byzantine Empire. [317][318], Greeks have a long tradition of valuing and investing in paideia (education), which was upheld as one of the highest societal values in the Greek and Hellenistic world. Following news that combined Ottoman–Egyptian fleets were going to attack the Greek island of Hydra, the allied fleet intercepted the Ottoman–Egyptian fleet at Navarino. The Greek world never regained its former character - The Polis as a free, autonomous entity never recovered - In the 4 th century BCE – the rise of a kingdom located on the outskirts of the Greek world. Three good examples of fragmented states are _____. Philip II of Macedon united most of present-day Greece in the fourth century BC, with his son Alexander the Great rapidly conquering much of the ancient world, from the eastern Mediterranean to India. Agency of the Welfare State, Finland: The Limits of the Unitary Decentralized [330] Infant mortality, with a rate of 3.6 deaths per 1,000 live births, was below the 2007 OECD average of 4.9.[326]. Kindergartens (Νηπιαγωγείο, Nipiagogeío) are now compulsory for any child above four years of age. [94] In the late 18th century, Rigas Feraios, the first revolutionary to envision an independent Greek state, published a series of documents relating to Greek independence, including but not limited to a national anthem and the first detailed map of Greece, in Vienna. Two disadvantages of a fragmented state is _____. After winning two elections and becoming Prime Minister in 1910,[115] Venizelos initiated wide-ranging fiscal, social, and constitutional reforms, reorganised the military, made Greece a member of the Balkan League, and led the country through the Balkan Wars. The dispute was finally resolved in 1976, when Dimotiki was made the only official variation of the Greek language, and Katharevousa fell to disuse. [281] By 2016, the proportion of the population age 65 and older had risen to 20.68 percent, while the proportion of those aged 14 and younger declined to slightly below 14 percent. Copy this link, or click below to email it to a friend. Aristotle of Stagira, the most important disciple of Plato, shared with his teacher the title of the greatest philosopher of antiquity. [53], After a period of confusion following Alexander's death, the Antigonid dynasty, descended from one of Alexander's generals, established its control over Macedon and most of the Greek city-states by 276 BC. The National Centre of Scientific Research "Demokritos" was founded in 1959. Athens: Themelio. [352] Greek cuisine incorporates fresh ingredients into a variety of local dishes such as moussaka, pastitsio, classic Greek salad, fasolada, spanakopita and souvlaki. After the 2005 European Championship triumph of the Greek national basketball team, Greece became the reigning European Champion in both football and basketball. During the 19th and 20th centuries there was a major dispute known as the Greek language question, on whether the official language of Greece should be the archaic Katharevousa, created in the 19th century and used as the state and scholarly language, or the Dimotiki, the form of the Greek language which evolved naturally from Byzantine Greek and was the language of the people. Vathakou, Eugenia. "Minorities in Greece – Historical Issues and New Perspectives". [204] In addition, being a member of the Eurozone, the country had essentially no autonomous monetary policy flexibility. Both marble and bronze are easy to form and very durable. This percentage in April reached 42%. [230][231][232] The Greek programmes imposed a very rapid improvement in structural primary balance (at least two times faster than for other Eurozone bailed-out countries[233]). In men's European competitions, Olympiacos has won the Champions League,[357] the European Super Cup and the Triple Crown in 2002[358] becoming the first club in water polo history to win every title in which it has competed within a single year (National championship, National cup, Champions League and European Super Cup),[359] while NC Vouliagmeni has won the LEN Cup Winners' Cup in 1997. Notable Greek scientists of modern times include Georgios Papanikolaou (inventor of the Pap test), mathematician Constantin Carathéodory (known for the Carathéodory theorems and Carathéodory conjecture), astronomer E. M. Antoniadi, archaeologists Ioannis Svoronos, Valerios Stais, Spyridon Marinatos, Manolis Andronikos (discovered the tomb of Philip II of Macedon in Vergina), Indologist Dimitrios Galanos, botanist Theodoros G. Orphanides, such as Michael Dertouzos, Nicholas Negroponte, John Argyris, John Iliopoulos (2007 Dirac Prize for his contributions on the physics of the charm quark, a major contribution to the birth of the Standard Model, the modern theory of Elementary Particles), Joseph Sifakis (2007 Turing Award, the "Nobel Prize" of Computer Science), Christos Papadimitriou (2002 Knuth Prize, 2012 Gödel Prize), Mihalis Yannakakis (2005 Knuth Prize) and physicist Dimitri Nanopoulos. [51] Although the political unity of Alexander's empire could not be maintained, it resulted in the Hellenistic civilization and spread the Greek language and Greek culture in the territories conquered by Alexander. According to the U.S. State Department, an estimated 97% of Greek citizens identify themselves as Eastern Orthodox, belonging to the Greek Orthodox Church,[287] which uses the Byzantine rite and the Greek language, the original language of the New Testament. The occupation brought about terrible hardships for the Greek civilian population. Of the hundreds of tragedies written and performed during the classical age, only a limited number of plays by three authors have survived: those of Aeschylus, Sophocles, and Euripides. System. Multiple causes led to his deposition and exile, including the Bavarian-dominated government, heavy taxation, and a failed attempt to annex Crete from the Ottoman Empire. PRINTED FROM OXFORD HANDBOOKS ONLINE (www.oxfordhandbooks.com). Greece - Greece - Greece’s debt crisis: The Greek economy, like those of so many other countries, entered a period of uncertainty as a result of the international economic crisis of 2009, and the ND’s hold on government appeared tenuous. The top U.S. exports to Greece are defense articles, although U.S. … [242], Twelve percent of Greece's electricity comes from hydroelectric power plants[243] and another 20% from natural gas. The Judiciary is independent of the executive and the legislature and comprises three Supreme Courts: the Court of Cassation (Άρειος Πάγος), the Council of State (Συμβούλιο της Επικρατείας) and the Court of Auditors (Ελεγκτικό Συνέδριο). Nikos Hlepas is Associate Professor of Regional and Local Government, Department of Political Science and Public Administration at the National and Capodistrian University of Athens. Greece, while described as the ‘cradle of Western democracy’, remains to be one of the most centralist state in Europe. Google … The 54 old prefectures and prefecture-level administrations have been largely retained as sub-units of the regions. [131][clarification needed], Following liberation and the Allied victory over the Axis, Greece annexed the Dodecanese Islands from Italy and regained Western Thrace from Bulgaria. 14 further sites are on the tentative list, awaiting nomination.[265]. Rare marine species such as the pinniped seals and the loggerhead sea turtle live in the seas surrounding mainland Greece, while its dense forests are home to the endangered brown bear, the Eurasian lynx, the roe deer and the wild goat. [311], The greatest cluster of non-EU immigrant population are the larger urban centers, especially the Municipality of Athens, with 132,000 immigrants comprising 17% of the local population, and then Thessaloniki, with 27,000 immigrants reaching 7% of the local population. In the ensuing Greco-Turkish War of 1897, the badly trained and equipped Greek army was defeated by the Ottomans. May … Greek military personnel total 367,450, of whom 142,950 are active and 220,500 are reserve. Other prominent cities with urban populations above 100,000 inhabitants include Patras, Heraklion, Larissa, Volos, Rhodes, Ioannina, Agrinio, Chania, and Chalcis.[284]. However, he was defeated in the July 2019 general election by Kyriakos Mitsotakis who leads New Democracy. [288] According to other sources, 15.8% of Greeks describe themselves as "very religious", which is the highest among all European countries. Google Scholar . Sweden: Party‐dominated Subnational Byzantine philosophy refers to the distinctive philosophical ideas of the philosophers and scholars of the Byzantine Empire, especially between the 8th and 15th centuries. Between 2000 and 2007, organic farming in Greece increased by 885%, the highest change percentage in the EU. Before becoming emperor, he served as an eponymous archon of Athens. [247], The shipping industry has been a key element of Greek economic activity since ancient times. This issue would continue to plague Greek politics until the 1970s. At the same time, the mortality rate increased slightly from 8.9 per 1,000 inhabitants in 1981 to 9.6 per 1,000 inhabitants in 2003. $27.95 previous … [65] The closure of the Neoplatonic Academy of Athens by the Emperor Justinian in 529 is considered by many to mark the end of antiquity, although there is evidence that the Academy continued its activities for some time after that. The Cretan Renaissance poem Erotokritos is undoubtedly the masterpiece of this period of Greek literature. The Peloponnesian revolt was quickly followed by revolts in Crete, Macedonia and Central Greece, which would soon be suppressed. Greece is mostly fragmented due to bodies of water. [296] There are no official statistics about Free Apostolic Church of Pentecost, but the Orthodox Church estimates the followers as 20,000. [134] In 1952, Greece joined NATO, reinforcing its membership in the Western Bloc of the Cold War. Greece: A Case of Fragmented Centralism and [169] The Ministry identifies two issues of particular importance to the Greek state: Turkish challenges to Greek sovereignty rights in the Aegean Sea and corresponding airspace and the Cyprus dispute involving the Turkish occupation of Northern Cyprus. [360], Coordinates: 39°N 22°E / 39°N 22°E / 39; 22, Hellenistic and Roman periods (323 BC – 4th century AD), Venetian possessions and Ottoman rule (15th century – 1821), Dictatorship, World War II, and reconstruction, On 14 August 1974 Greek forces withdrew from the integrated military structure of, For a diachronic analysis of the Greek party system see, sfn error: no target: CITEREFClogg1992page_23 (. The first philosophers are called "Presocratics," which designates that they came before Socrates, whose contributions mark a turning point in western thought. This creates several problems for the country. The other Greek gods that made up the Twelve Olympians were Ares, Poseidon, Athena, Demeter, Dionysus, Apollo, Artemis, Aphrodite, Hephaestus, and Hermes. [338], Two special genres can be considered the Cycladic architecture, featuring white-coloured houses, in the Cyclades and the Epirotic architecture in the region of Epirus. Post-compulsory secondary education also includes vocational training institutes (Ινστιτούτα Επαγγελματικής Κατάρτισης, "IEK") which provide a formal but unclassified level of education. ", "Why Three Rescues Didn't Solve Greece's Debt Problem (Bloomberg)", "Will the IMF Apologize to Greece ? Manolis Kalomiris is considered the founder of the Greek National School of Music. [60] The New Testament was written in Greek, and some of its sections (Corinthians, Thessalonians, Philippians, Revelation of St. John of Patmos) attest to the importance of churches in Greece in early Christianity. Upon his death, his empire split into several kingdoms, the most famous of which were the Seleucid Empire, Ptolemaic Egypt, the Greco-Bactrian Kingdom, and the Indo-Greek Kingdom. During the late 19th and early 20th century, the Athenian theatre scene was dominated by revues, musical comedies, operettas and nocturnes and notable playwrights included Spyridon Samaras, Dionysios Lavrangas, Theophrastos Sakellaridis and others. The fertility rate of 1.41 children per woman is well below the replacement rate of 2.1, and is one of the lowest in the world, considerably below the high of 5.47 children born per woman in 1900. Snowfalls occur every year in the mountains and northern areas, and brief snowfalls are not unknown even in low-lying southern areas, such as Athens. Other modern era Greek philosophers or political scientists include Cornelius Castoriadis, Nicos Poulantzas and Christos Yannaras. Islam, Is and the Fragmented State book. Near the northern Greek borders there are also some Slavic–speaking groups, locally known as Slavomacedonian-speaking, most of whose members identify ethnically as Greeks. Peter Krentz, PhD, W. R. Grey Professor of History, Davidson College. [350] The song was echoing the hippie slogan Make love, not war and was inspired directly by the Vietnam War, becoming a "smash hit" in Greece.[351]. If you are doing multiple … The United Kingdom: Is there Really an Anglo Speaking of separation, we also have fragmented states. Greek cuisine is characteristic of the healthy Mediterranean diet, which is epitomised by dishes of Crete. Some notable films include The Drunkard (1950, directed by George Tzavellas), The Counterfeit Coin (1955, by Giorgos Tzavellas), Πικρό Ψωμί (1951, by Grigoris Grigoriou), O Drakos (1956, by Nikos Koundouros), Stella (1955, directed by Cacoyannis and written by Kampanellis), Woe to the Young (1961, by Alekos Sakellarios), Glory Sky (1962, by Takis Kanellopoulos) and The Red Lanterns (1963, by Vasilis Georgiadis). [36] This ushered in a period known as the Greek Dark Ages, from which written records are absent. The most respected form of art, according to authors like Pliny or Pausanias, were individual, mobile paintings on wooden boards, technically described as panel paintings. The Judiciary system is also composed of civil courts, which judge civil and penal cases and administrative courts, which judge disputes between the citizens and the Greek administrative authorities. Officially, the main aims of the Ministry are to represent Greece before other states and international organizations;[169] safeguard the interests of the Greek state and of its citizens abroad;[169] promote Greek culture;[169] foster closer relations with the Greek diaspora;[169] and encourage international cooperation. Economic growth remained rapid before plateauing in 1972. Turkey doesn't recognize a legal continental shelf and exclusive economic zone around the Greek islands. After 1453 a number of Greek Byzantine scholars who fled to western Europe contributed to the Renaissance. It is a very large agency with its responsibilities ranging from road traffic control to counter-terrorism. [281], As a result of these trends, the average Greek household is smaller and older than in previous generations. The exchange was part of the terms of the Treaty of Lausanne which ended the war. Their best ever performance was in the 1896 Summer Olympics, when Greece finished second in the medal table with 10 gold medals. The Mycenaeans gradually absorbed the Minoans, but collapsed violently around 1200 BC, along with other civilizations, during the regional event known as the Late Bronze Age collapse. [251] The country's merchant fleet ranks first in total tonnage (202 million dwt),[193] fourth in total number of ships (at 3,150), first in both tankers and dry bulk carriers, fourth in the number of containers, and fifth in other ships. There are also specialist gymnasia and high schools offering musical, theological, and physical education. The Byzantine painting concentrated mainly on icons and hagiographies. [205][206][207][208][209][210][211][212][213] Dozens of similar agreements were concluded across Europe whereby banks supplied cash in advance in exchange for future payments by the governments involved; in turn, the liabilities of the involved countries were "kept off the books". The Greek national basketball team has a decades-long tradition of excellence in the sport, being considered among the world's top basketball powers. [280] In 2001, 16.71 percent of the population were 65 years old and older, 68.12 percent between the ages of 15 and 64 years old, and 15.18 percent were 14 years old and younger. Released during the junta years, Anthrope Agapa, ti Fotia Stamata (Make Love, Stop the Gunfire), by the pop group Poll is considered the first anti-war protest song in the history of Greek rock. [325], Greece's healthcare expenditures as a percentage of GDP were 9.6% in 2007, just above the OECD average of 9.5%. It has been revised three times since, in 1986, 2001 and 2008. [98] The Filiki Eteria planned to launch revolution in the Peloponnese, the Danubian Principalities and Constantinople. CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (. Except from these three most significant Greek philosophers other known schools of Greek philosophy from other founders during ancient times were Stoicism, Epicureanism, Skepticism and Neoplatonism.[348]. PASOK and New Democracy largely alternated in power until the outbreak of the government-debt crisis in 2009. For Athens, the first King of Greece, Otto of Greece, commissioned the architects Stamatios Kleanthis and Eduard Schaubert to design a modern city plan fit for the capital of a state.

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