Section 4 contains the justifications for such waivers. The tier ranking justification for each country in this year’s report appears in the first paragraph of each country narrative and includes language that explicitly highlights the factors supporting a given tier ranking. Peacekeeping Operations For those already in trafficking situations, COVID-19 has worsened circumstances. After reasonable requests from the Department of State for data regarding such investigations, prosecutions, convictions, and sentences, a government which does not provide such data, consistent with a demonstrably increasing capacity of such government to obtain such data, shall be presumed not to have vigorously investigated, prosecuted, convicted, or sentenced such acts. Text the National Human Trafficking Hotline at 233733. Societal stigma can prevent health care providers, law enforcement officials, prosecutors, and other professionals from identifying victims of human trafficking when they see only the manifestations of substance use disorder and consequently dismiss red flags. 10 U.S.C. Intelligence reports pointed to sex trafficking and forms of forced labor as some of these organizations’ largest sources of profit. Section 5. Once she arrived in a major city in Ghana, the recruiter demanded $1,500 for the cost of transportation and turned her over to a madam who used a local fetish priest to perform a ritual that obligated her to repay the debt. $4,022,000 2370c-2(c) and (d)). Shelly Westebbe KVC is offering a two hour training for foster parents. The new regulations also empowered member associations to establish their own criteria and registration system for any intermediary representing players or clubs in employment contract and transfer agreement negotiations. In addition, the report methodology and content changed as the years progressed. For 20 years, the Trafficking in Persons Report (TIP Report) has demonstrated the United States’ conviction that human trafficking is a global threat necessitating a global response. $413,000 Talitha Kum (or the International Network of Consecrated Life Against Trafficking in Persons), is a project based in Rome, Italy, and founded in 2009 by the International Union of Superiors General, in collaboration with the Union of Superiors General. Rachel Fox Smothermon Even after becoming more established, athletes may feel it is too risky to challenge the terms of a contract or seek other representation out of fear their situation would cause shame, ruin their reputation, or jeopardize their future. $20,000 At times, this relationship may also decrease the psychological impact of the trauma as moments of love and care from the trafficker offset experiences of anxiety or fear. After reasonable requests from the Department of State for data regarding investigations, prosecutions, convictions, and sentences, a government which does not provide such data, consistent with a demonstrably increasing capacity of such government to obtain such data, shall be presumed not to have vigorously investigated, prosecuted, convicted or sentenced such acts. Lieutenant Colonel Karma Rigzin, a former UN peacekeeper, serves as Additional Superintendent of the Royal Bhutan Police (RBP) Woman and Child Protection Division. Maura K. McManus In their official capacities, Varela and Correia handled the case with extreme sensitivity and caution, working closely with an international organization to ensure the victims were protected and their teams conducted the investigation correctly. These included recommendations to explain more clearly country tier rankings – which led to moving the tier justification paragraph to the beginning of each narrative – as well as new language to highlight more explicitly the factors that support a given tier ranking. Kyrgyz Republic Ted only reported his abuse after a failed suicide attempt several years later. Bahrain She expanded partnerships and networks that have raised human trafficking awareness among Latvian and international audiences. Burkina Faso Although addiction is scientifically understood as a medical condition and not a moral weakness, the societal stigma surrounding both the condition and the sufferer is pervasive, and the negative stereotype persists of the chemically dependent person as morally deficient and lacking in willpower. Cameroon The chart to the right reflects the number of full restrictions, partial waivers, and full waivers provided annually since 2014. The UN and international community have attempted to address the challenges in holding peacekeepers accountable for sexual exploitation and abuse since reports of abuse emerged in the early 2000s. August 17, 2015. What are the […] Djibouti At a time when many governments denied the existence of human trafficking in all its forms, the TIP Report became a standard-bearer for the principles enshrined in the TVPA and the UN Trafficking in Persons Protocol (Palermo Protocol). 2004 – Another 15 countries were added to the report, jumping from 116 to 131, as a result of an increase in the volume of information generated from a greater understanding of human trafficking around the world. Extra time should be allocated to examine the medical issues identified by the patient. Whitney Stewart (Details on the tier ranking process can be found on pages 39-41.). Cuba Throughout the course of the investigation, Varela and Correia showed an impressive level of perseverance in the face of immense difficulties, including foreign interference and threats to their personal safety, to pursue Cabo Verde’s first forced labor prosecution. The following information is based on incoming communication with the National Human Trafficking Hotline from January 1, 2016 – December 31, 2016 about human trafficking cases and issues related to. Elena was able to escape and is now receiving comprehensive services from a local NGO to work through the trauma of her experience and adjust to her new life. The results of this study will identify existing gaps in service provision and provide recommendations for improvement. Hungary Trafficking risk surprising in rural Kansas. Page 15: Sara Hylton YWCA Northeast Kansas Human Trafficking Day Center has only been open for two months, but it is already making a difference getting lives back on track. As the civil society representative on the National Coordination Committee Against Trafficking in Persons, he successfully lobbied for the formal opening of the government’s anti-trafficking fund to provide services to trafficking victims and train law enforcement and victim protection officers. Pages 36-37: Getty Images Guinea-Bissau Jordan The TVPA also authorizes the President to waive funding these restrictions if necessary to avoid significant adverse effects on vulnerable populations, including women and girls, and children. Maxwell Matewere is a proven anti-trafficking activist in Malawi. Sarah A. Scott In research on the topic, trauma bonding is commonly referred to as “Stockholm Syndrome,” and the terms may be used interchangeably. The TIP Report featured a new section on TIP Report Heroes to highlight the importance of individual action to combat human trafficking. The TIP Report urges governments to come to the table to fight this global crime. In 2018, T’ruah was the first Jewish organization to join the Alliance to End Slavery and Trafficking. Advisory Commission on Public Diplomacy, Looking Back on Twenty Years of the Trafficking in Persons Report, Faith-Based Efforts To Combat Human Trafficking, Extraterritorial Commercial Child Sexual Exploitation and Abuse: Evolving Information and Improving Responses, Reengineering Health Care for Survivors of Human Trafficking, The Intersection of Human Trafficking and Addiction, Funding Restrictions for Tier 3 Countries, Trafficking Victims Protection Act: Minimum Standards for the Elimination of Trafficking in Persons, Ary Varela | Cabo Verde & Natalino Correia | Cabo Verde, Stopping Human Trafficking and Sexual Exploitation and Abuse by International Peacekeepers and Civilian Personnel, International, Regional, and Sub-Regional Organizations Combating Trafficking In Persons, Multilateral Organizations Combating Trafficking in Persons, Annual Report on the Use of Child Soldiers, Sections 405(c) and (d) of the Child Soldiers Prevention Act (CSPA) of 2008 (22 U.S.C. Guatemala Describing the bonding that occurs in the face of danger, psychiatrist and trauma expert Bessel Van der Kolk explains, “Pain, fear, fatigue, and loss of loved ones and protectors all evoke efforts to attract increased care. By contrast, faith-based organizations serve in many different cities, provinces, and countries. Over the years, the methodology, content, and design of the TIP Report have evolved, reflecting in many ways the broader anti-trafficking movement’s progress in understanding the crime. Policy Guides on Criminalizing Migrant Smuggling and Trafficking in Persons (2014): http://www.baliprocess.net/regional-support-office/policy-guides/, Program of Cooperation between the CIS Member States against Trafficking in Persons for 2014–2018, COMMIT 3rd Sub-Regional Plan of Action (COMMIT SPAIII, 2011-2013), 12th COMMIT Senior Officials Meeting (2017). These determinations cover the reporting period beginning April 1, 2019 and ending March 31, 2020. Governments identified on the list are subject to restrictions, in the following fiscal year, on certain security assistance and commercial licensing of military equipment. China Spain Taiwan The investigation is ongoing at this time. Justin D. Pollard In many cases, these activities serve to empower NGOs and other local actors and to drive partnerships between governments and civil society. Karen Vierling Allen When local police learned he was not allowed to return home or travel without consent from his employer, they required the factory owners to release him. The allegations affected 92 victims, of which 19 were children younger than 18 years of age. Human trafficking is a form of modern slavery that occurs in every state, including Maine. A 2008 amendment to the TVPA provides that any country that has been ranked Tier 2 Watch List for two consecutive years and that would otherwise be ranked Tier 2 Watch List for the next year will instead be ranked Tier 3 in that third year. Ultimately, he succeeded in forcing Ted to engage in commercial sex. In the United States, specialized, multi-disciplinary task forces have been key to the successful investigation and prosecution of human trafficking cases involving addiction. — Human trafficking is a crisis around the world, and it is happening right here in Kansas City. The Secretary of State identified the following countries as having governmental armed forces, police, or other security forces or government-supported armed groups that recruited or used child soldiers within the meaning of section 404(a) of the CSPA during the reporting period of April 1, 2018, to March 31, 2019: Afghanistan, Burma, Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC), Iran, Iraq, Mali, Somalia, South Sudan, Sudan, Syria, and Yemen. Melissa Graham By Bob Kehoe Human trafficking touches many more lives in America than people realize. The trafficker ordered Maria to work off the debt by laboring 18-hour days for only a few dollars an hour. If you have a resource you would like us to include, please email nhtrc@polarisproject.org with its title, publication date, topics, a summary paragraph, and a copy of or link to the file. Special thanks to Derek Adams, Lamya Shawki El-Shacke, and the creative services team at Global Publishing Solutions. Latvia Julie Hicks Libya Section 1. Paraguay Marshals announced the rescue of 39 missing children in an operation in Georgia. Page 560: Adria Malcolm/Searchlight New Mexico. 333 The report grew from analyzing 154 countries in 2008 to 173 countries the following year. Romania Sudan Bhutan $107,000 Kendra L. Kreider Understand that survivors of trafficking may require additional wraparound services. Patrick Hamilton Uruguay Guyana Kansas City: A Human Trafficking Hot Spot. The introduction this year will provide a look back at the evolution of the TIP Report. After arriving, her employer told her she would need to work for two months without a salary to repay her relocation expenses. Most notably, in late 2018, they initiated an investigation into a forced labor case with great professionalism that involved four victims forced to work in a retail shop. Saudi Arabia Foreign service officers and locally employed staff collect information throughout the year related to law enforcement activity, victim identification and protection efforts, and anti-trafficking policies and practices, among others. Pages 18-19: Ranita Roy This connection, or traumatic bond, becomes especially intense when fear of the trafficker is paired with gratitude for any kindness shown. The migration patterns vary by sport, but the exploitative scheme of recruiting, building trust and dependency, and taking control upon a job offer is universal. This report is submitted in accordance with sections 405(c) and (d) of the Child Soldiers Prevention Act of 2008 (22 U.S.C. To treat survivors, providers should. Over the past two decades, her organization has assisted more than 16,000 people. The message at the heart of each edition, however, has been steadfast: there is no excuse for human trafficking, and governments must address it with bold action. Leo Page-Blau They continue to harm people, finding ways to innovate and even capitalize on the chaos. Burundi Heroes have traveled to cities across the United States to meet with experts at the federal, state, and local levels to exchange information on anti-trafficking efforts. In some cases, peacekeepers have sexually abused or sexually exploited women and girls, including in sex trafficking, such as by threatening their access to food and other necessities to coerce them into sex. Chad Through Al-Shehab, she helps hundreds of vulnerable women and human trafficking survivors every year transition from their life of exploitation by providing them with legal aid, social services, psychological support, and vocational training. They are recognized for their tireless efforts—despite resistance, opposition, and threats to their lives—to protect victims, punish offenders, and educate stakeholders about human trafficking trends in their countries and abroad. The following year, a country must either go up to Tier 2 or down to Tier 3. Page 12: Harold Jahnsen Human trafficking is one of the largest criminal industries in the world. Mauritania Patricia Ho’s unwavering leadership has been a driving force in increasing awareness of human trafficking in Hong Kong. He was the driving force behind the passage of the Trafficking in Persons Act in 2015 and continues to tirelessly advocate for its full implementation. The school principal was worried, so he asked her teacher, Mr. Baraka, to check with Mary’s family. Section 1 lists the countries identified as being in violation of the standards under the CSPA in 2019. Ravi Buck $7,233,000 333, to the extent that the CSPA would restrict such assistance or support; to waive the application of the prohibition in section 404(a) of the CSPA with respect to South Sudan to allow for the provision of PKO assistance, to the extent that the CSPA would restrict such assistance or support; and to waive the application of the prohibition in section 404(a) of the CSPA with respect to Yemen to allow for the provision of PKO assistance and DoD support provided pursuant to 10 U.S.C. Over the past few years, the government has increased its engagement with religious leaders from all of Senegal’s five dominant religious brotherhoods and the national federation of Quranic teachers to raise concerns regarding forced begging and secure their commitments to end this practice in its current form. For the knowing commission of any act of a severe form of trafficking in persons, the government of the country should prescribe punishment that is sufficiently stringent to deter and that adequately reflects the heinous nature of the offense. Page 63: © Moises Saman/Magnum Photos Beginning in the 2008 TIP Report, all country narratives included recommendations for governments to improve their anti-trafficking efforts—a vital component of the report today. In these cases, perpetrators entrapped victims with existing substance use issues, or initiated dependency in victims with no prior addiction history. Dates: March 2-4, 2020. Otiende has been responsible for the development of curriculum to train women on entrepreneurship, and has coauthored manuals on victim services and child trafficking as well as a toolkit for raising awareness among local communities. Twenty years ago, when the United States Congress passed the TVPA mandating this report, it signaled the U.S. government’s resolve to fight human trafficking and marked a pivot from indignation to positive action. 2008 – The William Wilberforce Trafficking Victims Protection Reauthorization Act of 2008 widened the scope of countries in the TIP Report by striking the requirement that a “significant number” of victims be documented for a country to be listed. Amy O’Neill Richard When a trafficking victim who has experienced trauma bonding seeks assistance, government officials and service providers must recognize that survivors may behave in ways that seem incongruous with typical expectations of victimization. The TVPA states that the United States shall not provide nonhumanitarian, nontrade-related foreign assistance to any government of a country that is ranked on Tier 3 for failure to comply with minimum standards for the elimination of trafficking or make significant efforts to bring itself into compliance with such standards. Christine Buchholz Countries in the 2020 TIP Report that are not Party to the Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking In Persons, Especially Women and Children, supplementing the United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime. Renee Huffman Substance use disorder and addiction are terms used here to describe the stage of the condition where a person’s brain and body are chemically dependent on a substance. Ericka Moten Rigorous, methodologically sound, and impartial research into the frequency of trauma bonding will support improved understanding among practitioners and more effective policies and services. Extraterritorial commercial child sexual exploitation and abuse concerns child sex trafficking, specifically when a perpetrator travels to another country and engages in a commercial sex act with a child. Because of that, it’s often more difficult to recognize all victims of trafficking when they don’t fit in with such entrenched ideas. The Secretary of State typically releases the TIP Report at a public event and welcomes members of the anti-trafficking stakeholder community, survivors of human trafficking, White House officials, and Members of Congress. Laos Page 14: Atsuki Takahashi Page 23: Ranita Roy Policy Guides on Identification and Protection of Victims of Trafficking (2015): https://www.baliprocess.net/regional-support-office/policy-guides-on-identification-and-protection-of-victims-of-trafficking/. Korea, South This training will provide education of child trafficking in America and in Kansas. Are you holding a human trafficking event in Kansas? Perhaps most challenging for the TIP Office and posts overseas was the effort to gather data from other governments, many of which had never developed systematic measures for collecting human trafficking data nor shared such data before. According to the human trafficking hotline, in … NOTES: Local currencies have been converted to U.S. dollars ($) using the currency exchange rates reported by the U.S. Department of the Treasury on December 31, 2019. The Kansas Sentencing Commission says human trafficking charges, whether for men or women, whether minors or adults, are in the single digits and are often pleaded down to other crimes. Eritrea While Tier 1 is the highest ranking, it does not mean that a country has no human trafficking problem or that it is doing enough to address the problem. Maldives This lack of resources, guidance, and social support increases their vulnerability to traffickers. Tatum West Senior leadership must annually certify that all allegations that have come to their attention are re-ported and that mandatory training has been delivered. The following are but a few examples of faith-based anti-trafficking efforts. Page 16: Elisabetta Zavoli In 2019, U.S. The working group raised the profile of trafficking in persons within Chile and gave civil society the opportunity to participate in the Chilean government’s development of a national action plan. Egypt The Gambia She is currently a board member and survivor advisor at Awareness Against Human Trafficking (HAART), where until recently she worked as a Program Consultant. Bulgaria Significant progress is already under way in addressing these issues. This email address provides a means by which organizations and individuals can share information with the Department of State throughout the year on government progress in addressing trafficking. Justifications for Waivers and Exceptions. Public and private health care institutions, universities, and community organizations have been developing innovative partnerships and practices to provide specialized and comprehensive health care to survivors. When there is no access to…other sources of comfort, people may turn toward their tormentors.” Therefore, a victim’s social and economic circumstances may contribute to their developing a sense of trust and loyalty towards a trafficker. The TIP Report not only serves as a warning for governments with weak anti-trafficking policies, it offers a road map for governments, NGOs, advocates, and other stakeholders to engage and create public-private partnerships. However, the National Human Trafficking Hotline, which maintains one of the largest data bases on human trafficking in the United States, reports that in 2017, 26, 557 calls (phone calls, emails or on-line reports), were received Page 24: Sara Hylton As of April 15, IMET funding was obligated for the following activities: military professionalization training. In 2007, this unit identified and prosecuted Bhutan’s first criminal case involving human trafficking charges. Before 2010, the TIP Report had included a separate section on the United States, summarizing its efforts to combat trafficking in persons. Often working at great personal expense and risk, the TIP Report Heroes are an incredible testament to the idea that the efforts of a single person can make all the difference in the individual lives of victims and the broader fight against human trafficking. The TVPA, as amended, lists additional factors to determine whether a country should be on Tier 2 (or Tier 2 Watch List) versus Tier 3: In addition, a 2019 amendment to the TVPA directs the Secretary of State to consider, as proof of a country’s failure to make significant efforts to fully meet the TVPA’s minimum standards, a government policy or pattern of: trafficking; trafficking in government-funded programs; forced labor (in government-affiliated medical services, agriculture, forestry, mining, construction, or other sectors); sexual slavery in government camps, compounds, or outposts; or employing or recruiting child soldiers. The courage and resilience of victims and survivors cannot be overstated. An evidence-based universal education model helps empower survivors through opportunities to share their experiences while building trust with providers. Many are based on real experiences and the victims’ names have been changed as a result. Rather, a Tier 1 ranking indicates that a government has made efforts to address the problem that meet the TVPA’s minimum standards. Estonia Slovenia Morocco Panama It functions as a network of networks to connect women religious in more than 92 countries to facilitate collaboration and the exchange of experiences and to help strengthen efforts to combat human trafficking. Safe housing is essential for survivors; a lack of safe housing options increases vulnerability to further trauma. Tonga Further, UN performance reviews of allegations of sexual abuse and exploitation have resulted in the withdrawal of contingents and the use of other mitigating measures. The 2003 reauthorization of the TVPA added to the original law a new requirement that foreign governments provide the Department of State with data on trafficking investigations, prosecutions, convictions, and sentences in order to fully meet the TVPA’s minimum standards for the elimination of trafficking (Tier 1). Dignity Health developed the PEARR Tool in consultation with survivors and community organizations to train medical professionals to provide privacy, educate, ask, respect, and respond to survivor’s needs. February 1, 2020 @ 6:00 pm. The article appears in the Journal of Human Trafficking. Health care providers are also learning to use trauma-informed, survivor-informed, and culturally and linguistically appropriate services to build trust, strengthen screening, provide improved quality medical care, and reduce the risk of retraumatization. Because there are no consistent criteria for identifying trauma bonding, the label should be used carefully until clear criteria are established. Russia While actions, policies, and laws have increasingly addressed this crime, all governments must do more to implement frameworks and take action to bring an end to extraterritorial child sexual exploitation and abuse. Kathleen Vogel Once the contract is signed, the trafficker finally has the control needed to extort as much as possible from the athlete. Prosecutors also called drug counselors and other expert witnesses to inform the jury of how addiction affects the brain and body and of the dangers of withdrawal. In January 2020, the police anti-trafficking division held a meeting with local NGOs to discuss collaboration on trafficking cases, with a focus on cases involving forced labor. 08 DECEMBER 2020 — HEALTH IMPACT OF HUMAN TRAFFICKING: HEALING . Page 17: Paula Bronstein Beyond meetings with government officials, embassies find other ways to raise awareness about human trafficking, reinforce the TIP Report recommendations, and highlight promising practices. Additional assistance will be obligated during FY 2020. International Military Education and Training (IMET) As of April 15, IMET funding was obligated for the following activities: military professionalization training. Costa Rica Standardization for assessing trauma bonding can help identify red flag indicators and establish response protocols. Organizations called by their faith to help address human trafficking can play an important role both locally and around the world. Page 53: Adria Malcolm/Searchlight New Mexico Speakers. In human trafficking cases, the relationship between victim and trafficker may involve trauma bonding, a phenomenon that is beginning to receive increased attention. June 15, 2021 1:30 PM - June 15, 2021 3:30 PM. Traffickers are denying nearly 25 million people their fundamental right to freedom, forcing them to live enslaved and toil for their exploiter’s profit. In 2006, Colonel Rigzin stood up Bhutan’s first specialized unit within the Woman and Child Protection Unit to handle all issues relating to women and children, including human trafficking, and provide victims a more secure environment to report human trafficking crimes. Clinics should be aware of ways medical care can re-traumatize a survivor, such as through invasive procedures, removal of clothing, embarrassing or distressing personal questions, the gender of the health care provider, and the power dynamics of the doctor/patient relationship. The 106th Congress of the United States passed the TVPA in 2000, the first comprehensive federal law designed to protect victims of sex and labor trafficking, prosecute traffickers, and prevent human trafficking in the United States and abroad. The 2020 TIP Report covers government efforts undertaken from April 1, 2019 through March 31, 2020. Democratic Republic of the Congo During FY 2020, 333 funding was obligated for the following activities: training and equipment. Some of the most important changes are listed on pages 6-7. Since 2018, the Global Initiative Against Transnational Organized Crime (GI-TOC) has undertaken monthly monitoring of human smuggling and trafficking in Libya, Tunisia, Niger, Chad and Mali. If you are in the United States and believe someone may be a victim of human trafficking, call the 24-hour National Human Trafficking Hotline at 1-888-373-7888 or report an emergency to law enforcement by calling 911. Her programs brought together consular staff and law enforcement officials, including judges, prosecutors, and police. St. Vincent and the Grenadines Page 54: Sara Hylton Page 10: Elisabetta Zavoli The report has drawn attention to trends and emerging issues, highlighted promising practices, and tracked the progression of important developments, such as the passage of comprehensive anti-trafficking laws and improvements in victim identification efforts.

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